ࡱ > h } 7 bjbjUU P 7| 7|
l ( ( ( ( $ $ $ 8 bW bW bW 8 W $ X 8 Z j Y dc " c c `i O 7
\ $ G D O G G = ( ( c `i - = = = G ( c $ `i = G = = h V $ `i Y '8 *D bW ! : ) * 0 Z 9 [ = 8 8 ( ( ( (
HYPERLINK \l "_Table_of_Contents_2" EMBED Word.Picture.8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Mr. Marc Fleischner for his dedication to teaching a subject that is constantly changing. Keeping up with the latest and greatest in computer technology is no easy task. To share that knowledge with students is even harder. With out his knowledge and help, you would be looking at a bunch of blank pages.
Most of all, I would like to thank my family for being so patient and putting up with my absences while I locked myself in seclusion. I now leave them with the words they long to hear You can use the computer now!
HYPERLINK "mailto:diane17@safeplace.net"
Table of Contents
TOC \h \z \t "Heading 4,3,Heading 6,2,Heading 8,1" HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528009" ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc2528009 \h 1
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528010" Table of Contents PAGEREF _Toc2528010 \h 3
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528011" Intro to WWW PAGEREF _Toc2528011 \h 4
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528012" Basic HTML PAGEREF _Toc2528012 \h 7
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528013" What an HTML Document Is PAGEREF _Toc2528013 \h 7
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528014" HTML Editors PAGEREF _Toc2528014 \h 7
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528015" Getting Your Files on a Server PAGEREF _Toc2528015 \h 7
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528016" Tags Explained PAGEREF _Toc2528016 \h 7
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528017" The Minimal HTML Document PAGEREF _Toc2528017 \h 8
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528018" Markup Tag PAGEREF _Toc2528018 \h 9
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528019" Advanced HTML PAGEREF _Toc2528019 \h 11
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528020" What is a URL? PAGEREF _Toc2528020 \h 11
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528021" Linking PAGEREF _Toc2528021 \h 11
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528022" Mailto PAGEREF _Toc2528022 \h 12
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528023" The Web's Graphic Format PAGEREF _Toc2528023 \h 13
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528024" Multimedia PAGEREF _Toc2528024 \h 15
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528025" Video PAGEREF _Toc2528025 \h 15
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528026" Audio PAGEREF _Toc2528026 \h 16
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528028" Doing Business on the Web PAGEREF _Toc2528028 \h 17
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528029" The ecommerce process explained PAGEREF _Toc2528029 \h 18
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528030" Web Security PAGEREF _Toc2528030 \h 21
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528031" Security Issues PAGEREF _Toc2528031 \h 21
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528032" What are the Internet security risks? PAGEREF _Toc2528032 \h 21
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528033" Web Privacy PAGEREF _Toc2528033 \h 24
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528034" Privacy: Tips for Protecting Your Personal Information PAGEREF _Toc2528034 \h 24
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528035" Other Privacy Issues PAGEREF _Toc2528035 \h 25
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528036" Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc2528036 \h 28
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc2528037" About the Author PAGEREF _Toc2528037 \h 30
Intro to WWW
No kidding -- the HYPERLINK \l "WWW" World Wide Web is exciting. It is everywhere. It has exploded beyond everybody's expectations.
Keep in mind that the thing that makes the Web (and the Internet in general) work are agreed-upon rules
("standards") that allow users of almost any kind of computer able to communicate and share information.
Around 1990, the World Wide Web was a text-based system based upon the HYPERLINK \l "HTML" HyperText MarkUp Language. The tags or codes and interpretation were all built upon standards (HTML 1.0) set by an international committee. This was the key to the "web" becoming "world wide" because, by following the standards, the information was completely independent of the computer from which it was viewed.
Even when HYPERLINK \l "Mosaic" NCSA Mosaic burst upon the scene in 1993 as the first graphical web HYPERLINK \l "Browser" browser (created by whiz kid Marc Andreessen and others), the standards were followed to the letter, which at that time were updated to HTML 2.0.
The web started to get popular. Extremely popular.
Other programmers began to build web browsers that offered the same functionality as Mosaic (because they supported all of the HTML features contained within the international standards). A group that included the original developer of Mosaic formed a new company -- its mascot was "Mozilla", ("Mosaic" + "Godzilla") with a brand new web browser known as Netscape Navigator.
HYPERLINK \l "Netscape" Netscape Navigator
Netscape was faster and more reliable than the NCSA Mosaic. NetScape grew popular quickly perhaps because it contained functionalities that included all of HTML 2.0 PLUS more tags for things that you could not do in HTML 2.0. These "extensions" or "enhancements" have caused (and still cause) a great deal of arguments between HTML purists and those that like the "less than standard" features that Netscape added.
The Mozilla Netscape was immensely popular and quickly grabbed 3/4 of the web-browser pie.
backgrounds to your pages, formatted tables of text, text that wrapped around the side of images, and more. You began to see web pages that said, "This page optimized for Netscape". Other browsers began to include support for the Netscape "HTML 2.0+" features. As the major online services opened up to the web, the browser market got even more crowded (and noisy).
The international commission was faced with a dilemma, as the market was largely demanding these "non-standard" tags to become part of HTML. As the rules for HTML 3.0 were being developed, they began to include most (but not all) of the tags Netscape had introduced. The standards process seemed to move too slowly for many people.
And the battle grew bigger into 1996 when Microsoft introduced their own special HTML tags.
The current set of proposed standards is HYPERLINK "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/" HTML 4.0 which contain more features for HTML and some attempts to reduce the complexities of different web browsers. This version is starting to move towards a more "logical" method of formatting web pages, via "Style Sheets" which allows the precise formatting web designers wish for, and in a way to separate it from the content, making it easy to update the design of a web site. However, it will take some time before this functionality is common and there are still bothersome differences between different web browser software. These "standards" turn out to be recommendations as no one has the authority to enforce them.
So what does this mean for you?
What does this mean? For accessibility on the widest range of possible web browsers and versions out there, stick with the most basic set of HTML code. Of course, this may limit what you'd like to put in a web page! If you include HTML that may look snazzy only in Netscape but not Internet Explorer, you may turn people away from your site. Not only that, viewers of your web pages may not only be using different browsers, but their monitor size and fonts may not be the same as on the system you designed the pages.
More commonly, you will be "publishing" web pages from an Internet HYPERLINK \l "Server" server and have no idea what browser is being used or even what kind of computer it is used on. You can add special warnings to your page. You can stick closer to the standards that are most widely supported on all web browsers. Even if you do use special tags, there are usually ways to have an alternative that will not cause havoc for users of other browsers.
Most importantly... do not become fixated on how the page looks on just your own computer! Your readers may have different browsers, different fonts, different text color preferences, different monitor sizes -- all of which may cause the display to vary in size, layout or appearance from how it looks on your computer. If you can, try out your web pages on different computers, stretch and shrink the browser window, and switch the standard fonts.
Fortunately, the original design for HTML has a very open and forgiving set of rules -- if a browser encounters a tag it does not know how to deal with or display, it simply ignores these tags.
Basic HTML
What an HTML Document Is
HtML documents are plain-text (also known as HYPERLINK \l "Ascii" ASCII) files that can be created using any text editor. You can also use word-processing software if you remember to save your document as text only with line breaks.
HTML Editors
Some WYSIWYG editors are available (e.g., Claris Home Page or Adobe PageMill, both for Windows and Macintosh). You may wish to try one of them after you learn some of the basics of HTML tagging. WYSIWYG is an acronym for "what you see is what you get"; it means that you design your HTML document visually, as if you were using a word processor, instead of writing the markup tags in a plain-text file and imagining what the resulting page will look like. It is useful to know enough HTML to code a document before you determine the usefulness of a WYSIWYG editor, in case you want to add HTML features that your editor doesn't support.
Getting Your Files on a Server
If you have access to a Web server at school ( HYPERLINK "http://www.rowan.edu/" http://www.rowan.edu) or work, contact your webmaster (the individual who maintains the server) to see how you can get your files on the Web. If you do not have access to a server at work or school, check to see if your community operates a FreeNet, a community-based network that provides free access to the Internet. Lacking a FreeNet, you may need to contact a local Internet provider that will post your files on a server for a fee.
Tags Explained
An element is a fundamental component of the structure of a text document. Some examples of elements are heads, tables, paragraphs, and lists. Think of it this way: you use HTML tags to mark the elements of a file for your browser. Elements can contain plain text, other elements, or both.
To denote the various elements in an HTML document, you use HYPERLINK \l "Tags" tags. HTML tags consist of a left angle bracket (<), a tag name, and a right angle bracket (>). Tags are usually paired (e.g.,
and
) to start and end the tag instruction.
The end tag looks just like the start tag except a slash (/) precedes the text within the brackets.
Some elements may include an attribute, which is additional information that is included inside the start tag. For example, you can specify the alignment of images (top, middle, or bottom) by including the appropriate attribute with the image source HTML code.
NOTE: HTML is not case sensitive. is equivalent to or . There are a few exceptions noted below.
Not all tags are supported by all World Wide Web browsers. If a browser does not support a tag, it will simply ignore it. Any text placed between a pair of unknown tags will still be displayed, however.
The Minimal HTML Document
Every HTML document should contain certain standard HTML tags. Each document consists of head and body text.
The head contains the title, and the body contains the actual text that is made up of paragraphs, lists, and other elements. Browsers expect specific information because they are programmed according to HTML and SGML specifications.
Required elements are shown in this sample bare-bones document:
A Simple HTML Example
HTML is Easy To Learn
Welcome to the world of HTML.
This is the first paragraph. While short it is
still a paragraph!
And this is the second paragraph.
The required elements are the , , , and tags (and their corresponding end tags). Because you should include these tags in each file,
you might want to create a template file with them. (Some browsers will format your HTML file correctly even if these tags are not included. But some browsers won't! So make sure to include them.) (A Beginners Guide to HTML HYPERLINK "http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html" http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html)
Markup Tag
Each tag in a pair is placed around the text or section that you want to define (mark up") with that tag. For example, if you want to begin a section of your document with a heading like "My First Web Page," you would use one of the six levels (sizes) of headings available in HTML and it would look like this:
My First Web Page
HTML
This element tells your browser that the file contains HTML-coded information. The file extension .html also indicates this an HTML document and must be used.
HEAD
The head element identifies the first part of your HTML-coded document that contains the title. The title is shown as part of your browser's window.
TITLE
The title element contains your document title and identifies its content in a global context. The title is typically displayed in the title bar at the top of the browser window, but not inside the window itself. The title is also what is displayed on someone's hotlist or bookmark list, so choose something descriptive, unique, and relatively short. A title is also used to identify your page for HYPERLINK \l "Searchengine" search engines (such as HotBot or Infoseek). For example, you might include a shortened title of a book along with the chapter contents: NCSA Mosaic Guide (Windows): Installation. This tells the software name, the platform, and the chapter contents, which is more useful than simply calling the document Installation. Generally you should keep your titles to 64 characters or fewer.
BODY
The second--and largest--part of your HTML document is the body, which contains the content of your document (displayed within the text area of your browser window). The tags explained below are used within the body of your HTML document.
Headings. HTML has six levels of headings, numbered 1 through 6, with 1 being the largest. Headings are typically displayed in larger and/or bolder fonts than normal body text. The first heading in each document should be tagged .
The syntax of the heading element is:
Text of heading
where y is a number between 1 and 6 specifying the level of the heading.
Do not skip levels of headings in your document. For example, don't start with a level-one heading () and then next use a level-three () heading.
Paragraphs. Unlike documents in most word processors, carriage returns in HTML files aren't significant. In fact, any amount of whitespace -- including spaces, linefeeds, and carriage returns -- are automatically compressed into a single space when your HTML document is displayed in a browser. So you don't have to worry about how long your lines of text are. Word wrapping can occur at any point in your source file without affecting how the page will be displayed.
Important: You must indicate paragraphs with
elements. A browser ignores any indentations or blank lines in the source text. Without
elements, the document becomes one large paragraph.
To preserve readability in HTML files, put headings on separate lines, use a blank line or two where it helps identify the start of a new section, and separate paragraphs with blank lines (in addition to the
tags). These extra spaces will help you when you edit your files (but your browser will ignore the extra spaces because it has its own set of rules on spacing that do not depend on the spaces you put in your source file).
Lists. HTML supports unnumbered, numbered, and definition lists. You can nest lists too, but use this feature sparingly because too many nested items can get difficult to follow. For more info: A Beginners Guide to HTML HYPERLINK "http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimerP1.html#GS" http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimerP1.html#GS
Advanced HTML
What is a URL?
The real power of the web is the ability to create hypertext links to related information. That other information may be other web pages, graphics, sounds, digital movies, animations, software programs, contents of a file server, a log-in session to a remote computer, a software archive, or an "ftp" site.
The World Wide Web uses an addressing scheme known as HYPERLINK \l "URL" URLs, or HYPERLINK "http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demoweb/url-primer.html" Uniform Resource Locators (sometimes also called "Universal Resource Locator"), to indicate the location of such items. These hypertext links, the ones HYPERLINK "http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/tut/likethis.html" usually underlined in blue, are known as anchors.
Linking
The chief power of HTML comes from its ability to link text and/or an image to another document or section of a
document. A browser highlights the identified text or image with color and/or underlines to indicate that it is a
HYPERLINK \l "Hypertext" hypertext link (often shortened to hyperlink or just HYPERLINK \l "LInks" link).
Links to Specific Sections
Anchors can be used to move a reader to a particular section in a document (either the same or a different document) rather than to the top, which is the default. This type of an anchor is commonly called a named anchor because to create the links, you insert HTML names within the document.
You can also link to a specific section in another document. That information is presented first because understanding that helps you understand linking within one document.
HTML's single hypertext-related tag is , which stands for anchor. To include an anchor in your document:
Start the anchor with )
Enter the text that will serve as the hypertext link in the current document
4. Enter the ending anchor tag: (no space is needed before the end anchor tag)
Here is a sample hypertext reference in a file called US.html:
Maine
This entry makes the word Maine the hyperlink to the document MaineStats.html, which is in the same directory as the
first document.
Links Between Sections of Different Documents
Suppose you want to set a link from document A (documentA.html) to a specific section in another document. (MaineStats.html).
Enter the HTML coding for a link to a named anchor:
documentA.html:
In addition to the many state parks, Maine is also home to Acadia National Park.
Think of the characters after the hash (#) mark as a tab within the MaineStats.html file. This tab tells your browser what should be displayed at the top of the window when the link is activated. In other words, the first line in your browser window should be the Acadia National Park heading.
Next, create the named anchor (in this example "ANP") in MaineStats.html:
With both of these elements in place, you can bring a reader directly to the Acadia reference in MaineStats.html.
NOTE: You cannot make links to specific sections within a different document unless either you have write permission to the coded source of that document or that document already contains in-document named anchors. (A Beginners Guide to HTML)
HYPERLINK "http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimerP2.html" http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimerP2.html
Mailto
You can make it easy for a reader to send electronic mail to a specific person or mail alias by including the mailto attribute in a hyperlink. The format is:
Name
For example, enter:
NCSA Publications Group
to create a mail window that is already configured to open a mail window for the NCSA Publications Group alias.
The Web's Graphic Format
There are numerous file formats for computer graphics... PICT, GIF, TIFF, PNG, not to mention EPS, BMP, PCX, JPEG...
The way a web browser displays graphics in HTML format indicates the location of a graphic file in a single format that can be interpreted by different types of computers. For example, when the information in that format is received by your Macintosh computer, the web browser knows to display it as a picture format for Macintosh. However, when that same information is received by your Windows browser, it is displayed as a Windows graphic.
In technical jargon, we would say that this picture format is platform independent. HTML itself is platform independent, since plain text characters can be understood by any computer.
The standard format that can display within a web page is HYPERLINK \l "GIF" GIF or Graphics Interchange Format. The GIF compresses the picture information (reduces the file size) and translates it to binary code that can be sent over the Internet. GIF compression is most effective on graphics that have contiguous areas of solid color, and compression is even greater when the color is continuous in the horizontal direction. GIF images have the feature of defining a color to be "transparent" so images can appear to have non-rectangular boundaries. They can also be saved in the "interlaced" format so that when you see a web page, the images start to appear soon and "dissolve" to the final image.
The other file format used on the web is HYPERLINK \l "JPEG" JPEG (named after the HYPERLINK "http://www.jpeg.org/public/jpeghomepage.htm" Joint Photographic Expert Group that designed this format). In the early web years, JPEG images were not displayed in the page but were displayed in a separate window, using an external "helper" application. But most web browsers these days support JPEG images to be displayed right in the web page too.
JPEG compression is very effective for photographic images where the colors can vary spatially over short distances ("grainy" images). JPEG offers some dramatic compression in filesize, sometimes by a factor of 10 (e.g. a 1500 kb file reduced to 150 kb), which may be at a trade-off for some image quality. JPEG images do not have the ability to have transparency.
For more information about these file formats, see the SITO page on HYPERLINK "http://sunsite.unc.edu/otis/notes/otis-compression.html" Graphics File Compression. If you are in the mood for a great book, try Lynda Weinman's HYPERLINK "http://www.lynda.com/dwg/dwg.html" Designing Web Graphics.
More and more graphics programs have built-in features to save files as GIF format. Newer ones such as ImageReady from HYPERLINK "http://www.adobe.com/" Adobe and Fireworks from HYPERLINK "http://www.macromedia.com/" Macromedia have been specifically designed for creating web graphics. You can find other shareware programs/utilities for converting graphics to web format from HYPERLINK "http://www.download.com/" download.com.
Some Points to Consider When Using Graphics
As you begin to develop your own web pages, you should become familiar with creating pictures in either GIF or JPEG format. If your web pages include graphics, consider the following:
Large and numerous images may look great on a high-end computer, but they will frustrate users who must wait for images to be sent over the network. As a suggestion, keep the total file size of all images on a web less than 100k (we aim for less than 50k each).
Not all of us have a 21-inch computer monitor! Keep graphic images no wider than 480 pixels and no higher than 300 pixels to avoid forcing users to scroll or resize their web browser window.
Color gradients may look pretty but for GIF images they do not compress as much as solid color areas and they can sometimes come out "banded".
Some graphics programs offer options for "no dithering" when converting to GIF -- this can reduce the amount of "noise" in a solid background.
Many dark grey tones on Macintosh computers are not discernible on Windows computers.
Rather than displaying all of the images on the web page, have them linked as external images that are downloaded only when a viewer clicks on a hypertext item. If you have numerous pictures to display, try to break the web page into a series of linked pages.
A single image (e.g. a small "bullet") can appear several times in a web page with little added delay each time you use that same image.
Many web browsers "cache" images (storing them on your computer) meaning that using the same file in several web pages will load them from the viewer's computer rather than loading them across the Internet.
Most importantly, make sure that the images are ones that add meaning to your HTML documents.
You may design a beautiful web page, loaded with large pictures, that may load nicely from your computer, but may be excruciatingly slow by a viewer using a slow modem over a busy network. The 'net is a busy place and getting busier every second.
Multimedia
The use of multimedia is becoming a major focal point of Web development because the Internetis a natural medium fordistributing media-based resources across computing platforms. Creating Web-ready media resources has become simpler as development and conversion tools have evolved.
Although recent Web browser releases offer more support for media content built in, most media formats are still supported by adding helper applications. A concern with some helper applications is they need to download an entire file before playback. Media streaming, or real-time media playback, has begun to change this. Software such as HYPERLINK "javascript:showWindow1('http://www.real.com/')" RealPlayer and Microsoft's HYPERLINK "javascript:showWindow1('http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/default.asp')" Windows Media allow the user to begin playing the audio file as it is being received.
These products show great promise in the delivery of multimedia, bandwidth and network traffic still slow transmission rates. The result is jerky, pixelized images. The size of video files is also a major concern. It is not uncommon for a 30 second video being several megabytes in size even after file compression. Downloading a file this size over a modem could take over an hour.
Video
The primary video formats and MIME extensions are MPEG (.mpg), ReadMedia (.ram), and QUICKTIME (.mov).
HYPERLINK "http://bones.med.ohio-state.edu/eric/papers/primer/media/sts-83-launch.mpg" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bones.med.ohio-state.edu/eric/papers/primer/media/video.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET This is an example of a link to video of a Space Shuttle Launch. (format: MPG; Size: 800k).
The size of the viewing area for most video software is still pretty small, maybe a few inches square. Transmitting video files large enough to take up a whole monitor would be enormous and would take up even more bandwidth. Many Web site developers do notintegrate video until the technology advances another generation, or two.
The inclusion of video on library Web pages has also been quite limited. Finding appropriate applications within the library setting, as well as production facilities and technical staff, may be another reason for limited video integration. Potential library uses for distributing video on the Web could be the delivery of instructional videos and remote tours of library facilities.
Audio
The most common audio file formats and their MIME extensions are -law (.au) and WAVE (.wav). The single greatest reason for their popularity is cross-platform compatibility and availability of helper application software. HYPERLINK "javascript:showWindow1('glossary/mp3.html')" MP3 is a newer compression format that allows easy downloading of audio files.
HYPERLINK "http://bones.med.ohio-state.edu/eric/papers/primer/media/er.wav" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bones.med.ohio-state.edu/eric/papers/primer/media/sound.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET This is an example of using an in-line image to link to an audio file. (format: WAV; Size: 495k)
Practical applications for the use of audio files on library Web sites are quite limited. Potential uses including the delivery of recorded lectures, oral histories, and live events. Creating audio resources into Web documents also requires staff with media production skills. Converting audio from a tape medium into a digital format, or recording it digitally, requires specialized hardware which libraries may not be able to support.
HYPERLINK \l "_Doing_Business_on" Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)
HYPERLINK "javascript:showWindow1('glossary/smil.html')" SMIL (pronounced "smile") allows Web authors to schedule and choreograph sound, video, text, and other elements on a Web pages using simple HTML-style markup tags.
Previously, Web architects looking to create vivid multimedia experiences needed to master complex scripting schemes -- such as HYPERLINK \l "Javascript" JavaScript HYPERLINK \l "Java" , Java, or Dynamic HTML -- or development tools. SMIL aims to change this by utilizing a handful of simple instructions and a text editor. Authors will be able to layer audio, video, and text on a site or a page by choreographing which media files to "play" when and for how long. HYPERLINK "http://bones.med.ohiostate.edu/eric/papers/primer/media.html" http://bones.med.ohiostate.edu/eric/papers/primer/media.html
Doing Business on the Web
Put simply, Electronic Commerce is doing business electronically. That is, the use of one or more technologies to communicate or trade with trading partners such as customers or suppliers, or to gather information electronically about markets, competitors and business opportunities.
Electronic Commerce includes the following processes:
Communicating
Transacting
Interacting
Researching
Organizing; and
Managing
The technologies that can be used for Electronic Commerce include the Internet and the World Wide Web, electronic mail (e-mail), EFTPOS, and the common fax machine.
Computers and the Telephone
Electronic Commerce combines the power of computers with the reach of telephone lines and other telecommunications links. This makes Electronic Commerce global, and always available. A website can continue taking orders 24 hours a day, as business hours occur in different time zones.
Tools and Applications
The accepted business tools, such as the telephone and fax are now used together with the World Wide Web, e-mail, file transfer and electronic payment systems such as EFTPOS and BPay (a telephone payment system operated by the banks).
Accelerating and Simplifying Business
The first thing to understand is that Electronic Commerce is now part of good management. More than anything it's about day-to-day communications and speeding up the business cycle- the flow and use of information - for better business management and a reduction in costs. A business does not have
to change drastically to make use of Electronic Commerce. Making use of simple technologies can greatly reduce expenditure without any substantial changes to the running of a business. For example providing quotes, product information or
other information to customers via e-mail can reduce facsimile and postage costs, allow for easier record keeping and speed up communication.
Electronic Commerce is Scalable
You don't have to be a big business to benefit from the applications of Electronic Commerce. An investment in Electronic Commerce can be tailored to fit the size of any business, beginning with a computer, modem and access to the Internet. Electronic Commerce can involve using basic tools to:
Improve your administration and efficiency
Enhance communication with suppliers, contacts
and customers
Find out more about competitors
Improve customer service.
The move from the early stage of Electronic Commerce to a more developed stage should be taken in manageable steps. The objectives of a particular business, and the products or services it provides need to be considered. This will help to determine which Electronic Commerce technologies will provide the most benefit for the least cost. HYPERLINK "http://www.setel.com.au/sbc/pathways/whatec.htm" http://www.setel.com.au/sbc/pathways/whatec.htm
The ecommerce process explained
Ecommerce is the means of selling goods on the Internet, using web pages. This involves much the same processes as selling goods elsewhere, but in a digital format.
Presentation, placement, display, stocking, selling and payment are all familiar concepts. Ecommerce demands that all this be done on screen, and as an automated process.
Creating a catalogue
To sell goods, you must display them. Ecommerce approaches this in much the same way as a catalogue. Goods are presented as images with text descriptions, prices and product options.
The main difference is in the way that goods are stored and placed. Any ecommerce definition would have to include an understanding of databases. Instead of "printing" each product web page uniquely, only one page is made, and filled in by a database. This means that instead of a thousand pages for a thousand products, one page only is used - called a template. The template has empty places in it (like a picture space, a price space, a description space etc.) that are filled in from the database.
The information needed to call the right information into the place holders is contained in the link to the product. For example, the link might have an ID number in it:
HYPERLINK "http://www.yourshop.com/product.asp?id=10" http://www.yourshop.com/product.asp?id=10
In this example, product.asp is the template page, and id=10 the number of the database record to be called. The ? is a signal to the web browser that information needs to be called from the database to complete the page. The links themselves are usually generated from a database. If you have a cutlery product line on a site
selling tableware, then a piece of hidden code calls all the record sets in the cutlery section of the database until it has built links for them all. If there are twenty, it will build twenty links and then stop. In this way, you only have to edit the database to change your product lines on the website. Add a new
piece of cutlery to the database, and next time the links are called there will be twenty one instead of twenty.
Laying the catalogue out
Obviously you cannot turn the web pages over like a printed catalogue, so it is necessary to create a navigation system. Typically the first set of links will be product categories and will build a list of individual items in that category, as links. These links in turn will call the exact product within the template page.
This system is called drilling down.
Shopping cart or basket
When a visitor clicks the buy button, the product id number is placed in her shopping basket. This is a space in the computers memory created especially for this user. Additional commands can add or delete numbers in this space (dimension) until the visitor is ready to purchase.
When the visitor proceeds to the checkout, her details are moved from the temporary memory space into an empty part of the database, along with a list of what she is buying, the prices, options etc.
Online payments
There are several methods of taking online payments, all involve a secure socket layer HYPERLINK \l "SSL" (SSL). When it is time for the customer to enter her credit card details, precautions must be taken to prevent the information falling into the wrong hands.
When it is transferred from her computer to the web server hosting the credit card form, it is encrypted, or scrambled so no one else can read the information if they intercept it. Once captured, the credit card number is stored for retrieval later and processed through ordinary PDQ facilities (swiping machine or
telephone), or cleared over the Internet by a specialist clearing house who contact the visitors bank.
Generating a receipt
When a payment is actually cleared online, the clearing house will send your website confirmation (or the dreaded card declined message!) so that a receipt and/or order confirmation can be automatically generated for the customer. This is done by writing an online program that runs on the web server.
Collecting the order
The final part of our ecommerce definition deals with alerting the website owner that an order has been placed and needs to be dispatched immediately! This can be done by providing a control panel on the website where new entries in the database are displayed, or simply by sending an e-mail with the information on it to a regular inbox. If the information is going to include a credit card number, then a control panel page on a secure socket layer (SSL) must be used as e-mail is not secure.
Order tracking
The website owner may want to provide his customer with order tracking facilities. This is done by simply adding a message to the database record and sending the client a unique id number that allows her access to only her record set.
Ecommerce needs e-business
Ecommerce is only the definition of a mechanical process. E-business is the art and science of bringing that process to the attention of the right people, and persuading them to take it. Without e-business, ecommerce is like a car with no gas or with no road. To ascertain the elements of a good website venture, please read our section on website business plans.
HYPERLINK "http://www.web-design-uk.biz/ecommerce/ecommerce_definition.htm" http://www.web-design-uk.biz/ecommerce/ecommerce_definition.htm
Web Security
Security Issues
Research has indicated that a major concern of business and the public (apart from Privacy) is the security of on-line communications and payments.
Everyday many millions of electronic messages are directed through the worldwide web, from general communications, on-line orders with credit card details, commercial contracts and payments to the banking system. There are many types of encryption techniques available to business and the public to ensure that these communications remain confidential. For example, banks already employ encryption devices to ensure the integrity and security of their Internet payment mechanisms.
Similarly, many thousands of businesses do the same with their on-line ordering or payment systems. This security section discusses some of the terms and methods that are common to on-line security from different viewpoint, consumer, business, etc.
Protecting computer systems against attack is more than implementing a few simple security solutions. As organizations become increasingly dependent on their information infrastructures for timely information, the effect of losing access to that information becomes more pronounced. Loss of access to the information may be just as devastating to an organization as loss of control of it.
What are the Internet security risks?
Internet security risks aren't to be taken lightly, but they can all be managed and minimized -- just like other security risks in business. Your office has a lock on the door, maybe a safe and an alarm system, and possibly uses an armoured car service. There are Internet equivalents to those security precautions. You need to know what they are, how much protection they give, what they cost (in time or dollars), how to get them installed and how to use them.
Setting up tight security over the Internet is mainly a matter of knowledge. The capital expense is low. Consider this: a downtown bank may need a vault that costs millions. In contrast, 'bank vault' security on the Internet may cost little -- if the people involved know enough. Two penniless but astute 16-year-olds could send each other Internet messages just as safely as two banks.
Your business may not need the highest Internet security. But it will need some measure of security. It's a matter of balance. An Internet bank needs more security precautions than an Internet CD shop.
Here are the Internet risks that are much talked about:
Hackers
There are many hackers (it's hard to know exactly how many). Many of them have unimpressive skills, aren't creative, and simply borrow someone else's hacking software for their exploits. Good news: there are routine and simple security measures to protect your Internet traffic against the junior-grade hackers.
Some hacker masterminds can find new ways to break into computers. But
such people are rare. That means it's extremely unlikely they'll attack your business unless it's a very high-profile target.
Industrial espionage
If your competitors are big and wealthy, and your company information could
be valuable to them, you may be at risk using the Internet. You would need
to take precautions.
In the past, fax interception has sometimes been used for industrial espionage (microwave and satellite links make interception easy). Industrial spies must have turned their attention to e-mail and other Internet traffic: if that's where the secrets are flowing, that's where they will look.
It is easy to stop this sort of spying. You scramble (encrypt) your messages, and do it in such a way that even well-financed spies will find the messages practically impossible to read. This is discussed in greater detail below.
Hi-tech criminals
This is similar to the risk from clever and greedy hackers. If your electronic communications are valuable, then criminal interception can't be ruled out.
There is powerful protection available. The main cost is training your people.
The software you need isn't expensive.
Viruses
Some people think that if they connect to the Internet, their computer systems will immediately start picking up "Internet" viruses. It can happen. But it's also one of the easiest risks to manage. You need anti-virus software to scan incoming files. Internet viruses are no more menacing than viruses from CD ROMS or floppy disks.
Other technical aspects of security are listed below:
A Security Management Framework for Online Services
Authentication, Integrity and Non-repudiation
Availability
Confidentiality & Privacy
Password management
Access control
Public Key Infrastructure
Encryption
Cryptography
PGP
Digital certificates
X.509
Digital signatures
Certification authorities
Digital Coins and Digital Cheques (Types of E-payment)
Smart Cards
Key security
Secure socket layer (SSL)
Secure electronic transactions (SET)
Virtual private networks
HYPERLINK \l "Firewall" Firewalls
To find out more on these, just click on:
HYPERLINK "http://www.web-design-uk.biz/ecommerce/ecommerce_definition.htm" http://www.web-design-uk.biz/ecommerce/ecommerce_definition.htm
Web Privacy
Privacy: Tips for Protecting Your Personal Information
Every day you share personal information about yourself with others. It's so routine that you may not even realize you're doing it. You may write a check at the grocery store, charge tickets to a ball game, rent a car, mail your tax returns, buy a gift online, call home on your cell phone, schedule a doctor's appointment or apply for a credit card. Each transaction requires you to share personal information: your bank and credit card account numbers; your income; your Social Security number (SSN); or your name, address and phone numbers.
It's important to find out what happens to the personal information you and your children provide to companies, marketers and government agencies. These organizations may use your information simply to process your order; to tell you about products, services, or promotions; or to share with others.
And then there are unscrupulous individuals, like identity thieves, who want your information to commit fraud. Identity theft - the fastest-growing white-collar crime in America - occurs when someone steals your personal identifying information, like your SSN, birth date or mother's maiden name, to open new charge accounts, order merchandise or borrow money. Consumers targeted by
identity thieves usually don't know they've been victimized. But when the fraudsters fail to pay the bills or repay the loans, collection agencies begin pursuing the consumers to cover debts they didn't even know they had.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) encourages you to make sure your transactions - online and off - are secure and your personal information is protected. The FTC offers these tips to help you manage your personal information wisely, and to help minimize its misuse.
Before you reveal any personally identifying information, find out how it will be used and whether it will be shared with others. Ask about company's privacy policy: Will you have a choice about the use of your information; can you choose to have it kept confidential?
Read the privacy policy on any website directed to children. Websites directed to children or that knowingly collect information from kids under 13 must post a notice of their information collection practices.
Put passwords on your credit card, bank and phone accounts. Avoid using easily available information like your mother's maiden name, your birth date, the last four digits of your SSN or your phone number, or obvious choices like a series of consecutive numbers or your hometown football team.
Use a secure browser when shopping online to guard the security of your transactions.
When submitting your purchase information, look for the "lock" icon on the browser's status bar to be sure your information is secure during transmission.
Other Privacy Issues
In traditional and on-line trading environments, consumers are entitled to have their privacy respected and protected. When developing your website, your privacy policy and procedures should be clearly explained to your customers. Your site should provide your customers with choices regarding the use of their personal information and incorporate security procedures to limit access to customer information by unauthorized parties.
New privacy and data protection legislation is being developed at Federal and State levels. Any business trading on-line should keep up to date and compliant
with the regulations. Not to do so could lose you customers and, potentially, cause you to incur financial penalties. Many of the issues on privacy are evolving - but simply treating information about others as you would expect information about you to be treated is a reasonable place to start.
HYPERLINK "http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-internet.htm" http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-internet.htm
Glossary
HYPERLINK \l "asciifiles" ASCII -- (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
This is the defacto world-wide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, punctuation, etc. There are 128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented by a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111.
HYPERLINK \l "browse" Browser
This is the software that allows a user to access and view HTML documents. Examples of Web browsers include Netscape, Mosaic, Cello and Lynx.
HYPERLINK \l "fire" Fire Wall
A combination of hardware and software that separates a Network into two or more parts for security purposes.
HYPERLINK \l "Graphics" GIF -- (Graphic Interchange Format)
A common format for image files, especially suitable for images containing large areas of the same color. GIF format files of simple images are often smaller than the same file would be if stored in JPEG format, but GIF format does not store photographic images as well as JPEG.
Home Page (or Homepage)--
Several meanings. Originally, the web page that your browser is set to use when it starts up. The more common meaning refers to the main web page for a business, organization, person or simply the main
page out of a collection of web pages.
HYPERLINK \l "Hyper" HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language)--
The coding language used to create Hypertext documents for use on the World Wide Web. HTML looks a lot like old-fashioned typesetting code, where you surround a block of text with codes that indicate how it should appear. The "hyper" in Hypertext comes from the fact that in HTML you can specify that a block of text, or an image, is linked to another file on the Internet. HTML files are meant to be viewed using a "Web Browser". HTML is loosely based on a more comprehensive system for markup called SGML.
HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
The protocol for moving hypertextfiles across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end, and an HTTP server program on the other end. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).
HYPERLINK \l "hyper" Hypertext--
Generally, any text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases in the document that can be chosen by a reader and which cause another document to be retrieved and displayed.
HYPERLINK \l "javo" Java--
Java is a network-friendly programming language invented by Sun Microsystems. Java is often used to build large, complex systems that involve several different computers interacting across networks, for example transaction processing systems.
A very common use of Java is to create programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files. Using small Java programs (called "Applets"), Web pages can include functions such as animations,calculators, and other fancy tricks.
HYPERLINK \l "jav" JavaScript--
JavaScript is a programming language that is mostly used in web pages, usually to add features that make the web page more interactive. When JavaScript is included in an HTML file it relies upon the browser to
interpret the JavaScript. When JavaScript is combined with Cascading Style Sheets(CSS), and later versions of HTML (4.0 and later) the result is often called DHTML.
HYPERLINK \l "Jay" JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
JPEG is most commonly mentioned as a format for image files. JPEG format is preferred to the GIF format for photographic images as opposed to line art or simple logo art.
HYPERLINK \l "lynk" Links--
These are the hypertext connections between Web pages. This is a synonym for hotlinks or hyperlinks.
HYPERLINK \l "Ncsamosaic" Mosaic--
The first WWW browser that was available for the Macintosh, Windows, and UNIX all with the same interface. Mosaic really started the popularity of the Web.
HYPERLINK \l "Navigator" Netscape--
A WWW Browser and the name of a company. The Netscape (tm) browser was originally based on the Mosaic program developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
HYPERLINK \l "search" Search Engine--
A (usually web-based) system for searching the information available on the Web.
HYPERLINK \l "serve" Server--
A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on which the software is running, e.g. "Our mail server is down today, that's why e-mail isn't getting out."
HYPERLINK \l "sl" SSL -- (Secure Socket Layer)
A protocol designed by Netscape Communications to enable encrypted, authenticated communications across the Internet.
HYPERLINK \l "taggs" Tags--
These are formatting codes used in HTML documents. Tags indicate how parts of a document will appear when displayed by browsing software.
HYPERLINK \l "rl" URL -- (Uniform Resource Locator)
This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator, the addressing system used in the World Wide Web and other Internet resources. The URL contains information about the method of access, the server to be accessed and the path of any file to be accessed.
HYPERLINK \l "worldwideweb" WWW -- (World Wide Web)
Frequently used (incorrectly) when referring to "The Internet", WWW has two major meanings - First, loosely used: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers) which are the servers that allow text, graphics, sound files, etc. to be mixed together.
HYPERLINK "http://www.cwru.edu/help/webglossary.html" http://www.cwru.edu/help/webglossary.html
HYPERLINK "http://www.matisse.net/files/glossary.html" http://www.matisse.net/files/glossary.html
Bibliography
HYPERLINK "http://bones.med.ohio-state.edu/eric/papers/primer/media.html" http://bones.med.ohio-state.edu/eric/papers/primer/media.html
HYPERLINK "http://www.cwru.edu/help/introHTML/TCh2.html" http://www.cwru.edu/help/introHTML/TCh2.html
HYPERLINK "http://www.devry-phx.edu/webresrc/webmstry/mastery.htm" http://www.devry-phx.edu/webresrc/webmstry/mastery.htm
HYPERLINK "http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-internet.htm" http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-internet.htm
HYPERLINK "http://htmlgoodies.earthweb.com/primers/primer_4.html" http://htmlgoodies.earthweb.com/primers/primer_4.html
HYPERLINK "http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/tut/tut1.html" http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/tut/tut1.html
HYPERLINK "http://www.matisse.net/files/glossary.html" http://www.matisse.net/files/glossary.html
HYPERLINK "http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimerAll.html" http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimerAll.html
HYPERLINK "http://www.setel.com.au/sbc/pathways/whatec.htm" http://www.setel.com.au/sbc/pathways/whatec.htm
HYPERLINK "http://www.web-design-uk.biz/ecommerce/ecommerce_definition.htm" http://www.web-design-uk.biz/ecommerce/ecommerce_definition.htm
About the Author
Diane Camaioni is currently a student at Rowan University as well as an employee of the University. She is majoring in Business Administration in the Management Information Systems area. As a non-traditional she plans to graduate before becoming a senior citizen. Diane wrote this ebook because it was assigned to her.
HYPERLINK "mailto:diane17@safeplace.net"
PAGE
PAGE 30
HYPERLINK "mailto:camaioni@rowan.edu" By Diane Camaioni
HYPERLINK \l "Page3" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page4" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Page3" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Back5" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back4" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page6" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back5" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page7" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back6" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page8" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back7" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page9" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back8" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page10" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Tahle of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back9" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page11" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back10" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page12" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back11" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page13" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page14" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Back12" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page15" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Back13" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page16" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Back14" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page17" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Back15" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back16" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page18" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back17" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page19" Next Page
EMBED Word.Picture.8
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back18" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page20" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back19" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page21" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back20" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Back22" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back21" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page23" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back22" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page24" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back23" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page25" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back24" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page26" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back25" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Back27" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page28" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Back26" Back
Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Page29" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Back27" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back28" Back
HYPERLINK \l "Page30" Next Page
HYPERLINK \l "Tableofcontents" Table of Contents
HYPERLINK \l "Back29" Back
? @ B Y Z [ ] _ ` 6 7 8 9 H I J b ˨˻ ˘ ~w~ j U jxx >*B*Uph 0J
j 0J Uj 5U\j=9 5U\j8 5U\j8 5U\j 5CJ U\mH nH u 5\ CJ j Uj51"@
5CJ UV\aJ j U j Uj CJ UmH nH u,
^ p r h $^a$ $a$ b c d e f g h i j ! " , - . F G H I J K L M N h i ֲ ֜ j{ UjN{ >*B*Uph jz Uj\z >*B*Uph jy Ujjy >*B*Uph 0J 56;OJ QJ \]aJ
j 0J Uj U jx U :h L M ;
c J G
G \
i j k
- . / G H I J K L M N O i j k l z { | ۶ ۠ j >*B*Uph j~ Uj$~ >*B*Uph j} Uj2} >*B*Uph j| Uj U :CJ OJ QJ aJ 0J
j 0J Uj@| >*B*Uph 8
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
W
X
Y
Z
g
h
i
ڶ ڠ 56;OJ QJ \]aJ je Uj >*B*Uph js Uj >*B*Uph j Uj >*B*Uph 0J :CJ OJ QJ aJ
j 0J Uj U j U 6
9 : ; < B C D \ ] ^ ` a b c d e j >*B*Uph j; Uj >*B*Uph jI UjЃ >*B*Uph :CJ OJ QJ aJ jW Uj U jނ >*B*Uph 0J
j 0J U 9 ! " # $ ) * + C D E G H I J K L f g h i n o p ڶ ڠ j Uj >*B*Uph j Uj >*B*Uph j Uj >*B*Uph 0J :CJ OJ QJ aJ
j 0J Uj U j- U ;
&
'
(
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
c
d
e
f
r
s
t
jR >*B*Uph jً Uj` >*B*Uph :CJ OJ QJ aJ j Ujn >*B*Uph 56;OJ QJ \]aJ j Uj U 0J
j 0J Uj| >*B*Uph 4
& ' ( @ A B D E F G H I c d e f q r s ۷ ۓ j Uj( >*B*Uph 56;OJ QJ \]aJ j Uj6 >*B*Uph j UjD >*B*Uph 0J :CJ OJ QJ aJ
j 0J Ujˌ Uj U6
$ % & ' ; < = U V W Y Z [ \ ] ^ x y z { ۶ ے j 5CJ OJ QJ U\jw Uj >*B*Uph 56;OJ QJ \]aJ j Uj >*B*Uph j Uj U j >*B*Uph 0J :CJ OJ QJ aJ
j 0J U 3 ( ) > ? @ N O S \ 0 1 2 = > w x & ' F G a
0J 5\
0J 5\ j 5U\j 5U\j CJ UmH nH u j3 CJ Ujē CJ UjY CJ U
5CJ \ 0J CJ j CJ U
j CJ UCJ j 5CJ U\mH nH u 5\3 r
' a
} & ! ! ! # s$
& O P ~ ! d e } ~ ! ! ! ! s$ t$ ~$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % % -( L( y( z( {( ( ( ( j CJ OJ QJ UaJ j CJ OJ QJ UaJ CJ OJ QJ aJ j CJ U
5CJ \ CJ( 0J CJ j CJ U
j CJ U5\ 0J j UCJ j CJ UmH nH u6s$ t$ u$ v$ w$ x$ y$ z$ {$ |$ }$ ~$ $ $ $ $ $ % % % ,( -( L( W* X* g* + , , $a$ ( ( ( ( W* X* g* + + + + + + + + + , , J/ d/ #2 $2 02 22 3 3 4 4 4 @4 A4 C4 D4 5 5 5 q6 v6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 B: G: 7; ܸ³ ܩ³ܞ ܚܚܚܐ³ܚ jh CJ U5\ j UmH nH u j CJ U0J CJ j CJ U
j CJ Uj CJ UmH nH u
5CJ \ CJ CJ OJ QJ aJ j CJ OJ QJ UaJ 0J CJ OJ QJ aJ 1, , . }. I/ J/ d/ / 0 0 1 1 ;1 G1 R1 u1 1 1 1 2 #2 02 32 2 C4 E4 P4 Q4 5 5 5 5 q6 v6 7 7 B: G: 7; $<